Our results suggest a variable response of native species to the scent of P.В muralis, from an avoidance response by Z.В vivipara that mirrors patterns of exclusion observed in the field to direct aggression observed in L.В agilis and an ambiguous reaction from E.В coerulea which may reflect a diminished response to a cue with a low associated cost. There was no evidence of E.В coerulea recognition of P.В muralis scent in terms of tongue flicks or time spent near the stimuli, although the native species did show a preference for P.В muralis-scented refuges. Conversely, Z.В vivipara spent less time near P.В muralis scent cues than the control but its tongue flick rate was higher towards this scent in this reduced time, consistent with an avoidance response. Both sprays are excellent for home and garden applications. While harmless, the residue will irritate the feet on a wide range of pests, encouraging them not to come back. Simply mix hot sauce or crushed red pepper to water and spray it in places the lizards like to go. Lacerta agilis showed a strong recognition response to P.В muralis scent, with more tongue flicks occurring close to the treatment stimuli than the control and aggressive behaviour directed towards the scent source. Cayenne pepper is another popular repellent spray. This recognition did not result in any other behavioural response in P.В muralis (i.e. The tongue flick response of P.В muralis depended on the different speciesвЂ™ scent, with significantly more tongue flicks directed to E.В coerulea scent than the other species and the control. We tested this hypothesis using the common wall lizard, Podarcis muralis, and the native lizard species with which it may now interact in Britain (common lizard, Zootoca vivipara, sand lizard, Lacerta agilis) and on Vancouver Island (northern alligator lizard, Elgaria coerulea) by exploring species' responses (tongue flicks, avoidance behaviour) to heterospecific scent cues in controlled experiments. Avoiding costly interactions through recognition and avoidance can be compromised by the naГЇvety of native species to novel invaders and vice versa. Podarcis muralis (common wall lizard) is a species of lizard with a large distribution in Europe and well-established introduced populations in North America, where it is also called the European wall lizard.It can grow to about 20 cm (7.9 in) in total length. The human-assisted movement of species beyond their native range facilitates novel interactions between invaders and native species that can determine whether an introduced species becomes invasive and the nature of any consequences for native communities.

Lazarus lizard